Martin Buber’s †I and Thou Essay Sample free essay sample

Martin Buber’s I and Thou ( Ich und Du. 1923 ) presents a doctrine of personal duologue. in that it describes how personal duologue can specify the nature of world. Buber’s major subject is that human being may be defined by the manner in which we engage in duologue with each other. with the universe. and with God. Harmonizing to Buber. human existences may follow two attitudes toward the universe: I-Thou or I-It. I-Thou is a relation of subject-to-subject. while I-It is a relation of subject-to-object. In the I-Thou relationship. human existences are cognizant of each oher as holding a integrity of being. In the I-Thou relationship. human existences do non comprehend each other as dwelling of specific. stray qualities. but engage in a duologue affecting each other’s whole being. In the I-It relationship. on the other manus. human existences perceive each other as dwelling of specific. stray qualities. and view themselves as portion of a universe which consists o f things. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Buber’s – I and Thou Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I-Thou is a relationship of mutualness and reciprocality. while I-It is a relationship of discreteness and withdrawal. Buber explains that human existences may seek to change over the subject-to-subject relation to a subject-to-object relation. or frailty versa. However. the being of a topic is a integrity which can non be analyzed as an object. When a topic is analyzed as an object. the topic is no longer a topic. but becomes an object. When a topic is analyzed as an object. the topic is no longer a Thou. but becomes an It. The being which is analyzed as an object is the It in an I-It relation. The subject-to-subject relation affirms each topic as holding a integrity of being. When a topic chooses. or is chosen by. the I-Thou relation. this act involves the subject’s whole being. Therefore. the I-Thou relation is an act of taking. or being chosen. to go the topic of a subject-to-subject relation. The topic becomes a topic through the I-Thou relation. and the act of taking this relation affirms the subject’s whole being. Buber says that the I-Thou relation is a direct interpersonal relation which is non mediated by any step ining system of thoughts. No objects of thought intervene between I and Thou. 1 I-Thou is a direct relati on of subject-to-subject. which is non mediated by any other relation. Therefore. I-Thou is non a agency to some object or end. but is an ultimate relation affecting the whole being of each topic. Love. as a relation between I and Thou. is a subject-to-subject relation. Buber claims that love is non a relation of subject-to-object. In the I-Thou relation. topics do non comprehend each other as objects. but perceive each other’s integrity of being. Love is an I-Thou relation in which subjects portion this integrity of being. Love is besides a relation in which I and Thou portion a sense of caring. regard. committedness. and duty. Buber argues that. although the I-Thou relation is an ideal relation. the I-It relation is an ineluctable relation by which the universe is viewed as consisting of cognizable objects or things. The I-It relation is the agencies by which the universe is analyzed and described. However. the I-It relation may go an I-Thou relation. and in the I-Thou relation we can interact with the universe in its whole being. In the I-Thou relation. the I is unified with the Thou. but in the I-It relation. the I is detached or separated from the It. In the I-Thou relation. the being of the I belongs both to I and to Thou. In the I-It relation. the being of the I belongs to I. but non to It. I-Thou is a relation in which I and Thou have a shared world. Buber contends that the I which has no Thou has a world which is less complete than that of the I in the I-and-Thou. The more that I-and-Thou portion their world. the more complete is their world. Harmonizing to Buber. God is the ageless Thou. God is the Thou who sustains the I-Thou relation everlastingly. In the I-Thou relation between the person and God. there is a integrity of being in which the person can ever happen God. In the I-Thou relation. there is no barrier of other dealingss which separate the person from God. and therefore the person can talk straight to God. The ageless Thou is non an object of experience. and is non an object of idea. The ageless Thou is non something which can be investigated or examined. The ageless Thou is non a cognizable object. However. the ag eless Thou can be known as the absolute Person who gives integrity to all being. Buber besides explains that the I-Thou relation may hold either possible being or existent being. When the I-It relation becomes an I-Thou relation. the possible being of the I-Thou relation becomes the existent being of the I-Thou relation. However. the I-Thou relation between the person and God does non go. or germinate from. an I-It relation. because God. as the ageless Thou. is everlastingly present as existent Being. Buber contends that the I-Thou relation between the person and God is a cosmopolitan relation which is the foundation for all other dealingss. If the person has a existent I-Thou relation with God. so the person must hold a existent I-Thou relation with the universe. If the person has a existent I-Thou relation with God. so the individual’s actions in the universe must be guided by that I-Thou relation. Therefore. the doctrine of personal duologue may be an informative method of ethical enquiry and of specifying the nature of personal duty.

Free Essays on Bring In Da Noise, Bring In Da Funk

Bring in ‘da Noise, Bring in ‘da Funk Choreographed and created by tap superstar Savion Glover, Bring in ‘da Noise, Bring in ‘da Funk is a musical production that tells the story of the history of African Americans through music and dance. From the very beginning of the performance until the end, the audience goes on a journey from Africa to slave ships to contemporary America using tap dance to depict the highs and lows of the black man’s experiences of the past. Although the messages conveyed throughout the piece are controversial and deep, Bring in ‘da Noise, Bring in ‘da Funk is important in the lives of African American theatre in that in gives a picture of the highs and lows of Black history. Structured into several musical numbers, Bring in ‘da Noise, Bring in ‘da Funk is a dance show whose fundamental concept is the coming together of two dance styles, tap and hip hop, to tell a story. Each number has a theme and presents a way in which ‘da Beat, which is symbolic of the rhythm of the dance, is passed on from generation to generation. In the show’s first number Slave Ships, ‘da Beat, illustrates the way in which dance began in Africa and was continued on slave ships, making its way to the Unites States. Historically when the slaves were forbidden to dance or to make music, they carried ‘da Beat in their hearts and passed it on orally. Once the enslaved people arrived in America they secretly applied what they had kept to themselves in several events such as rituals and celebrations. The act Panhandlers was one of highlights of the show because of its percussive and rhythmical beats. ‘Da Beat in this scene is illustrated by two drummers wearing costumes composed of different-sized pots and pans. Using drumsticks, each drummer beats out rhythm and song on a framework of metal as well as on each other. This performance is only one representation of the artistic talents of the actors in this mus... Free Essays on Bring In Da Noise, Bring In Da Funk Free Essays on Bring In Da Noise, Bring In Da Funk Bring in ‘da Noise, Bring in ‘da Funk Choreographed and created by tap superstar Savion Glover, Bring in ‘da Noise, Bring in ‘da Funk is a musical production that tells the story of the history of African Americans through music and dance. From the very beginning of the performance until the end, the audience goes on a journey from Africa to slave ships to contemporary America using tap dance to depict the highs and lows of the black man’s experiences of the past. Although the messages conveyed throughout the piece are controversial and deep, Bring in ‘da Noise, Bring in ‘da Funk is important in the lives of African American theatre in that in gives a picture of the highs and lows of Black history. Structured into several musical numbers, Bring in ‘da Noise, Bring in ‘da Funk is a dance show whose fundamental concept is the coming together of two dance styles, tap and hip hop, to tell a story. Each number has a theme and presents a way in which ‘da Beat, which is symbolic of the rhythm of the dance, is passed on from generation to generation. In the show’s first number Slave Ships, ‘da Beat, illustrates the way in which dance began in Africa and was continued on slave ships, making its way to the Unites States. Historically when the slaves were forbidden to dance or to make music, they carried ‘da Beat in their hearts and passed it on orally. Once the enslaved people arrived in America they secretly applied what they had kept to themselves in several events such as rituals and celebrations. The act Panhandlers was one of highlights of the show because of its percussive and rhythmical beats. ‘Da Beat in this scene is illustrated by two drummers wearing costumes composed of different-sized pots and pans. Using drumsticks, each drummer beats out rhythm and song on a framework of metal as well as on each other. This performance is only one representation of the artistic talents of the actors in this mus...

Bio 135 Anatomy and Physiology

Simple Diffusion 1. The following refer to Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion). Which solute(s) were able to pass through the 20 MWCO membrane? None According to your results, which solute had the highest molecular weight? Albumin Which solute displayed the highest rate of diffusion through the 200 MWCO membrane? NACI_ Using the data from Chart 1, explain the relationship between the rate of diffusion and the size of the solute. The smaller the solute particle, the greater the rate of diffusion. Facilitated Diffusion 2. The following refer to Activity 2: Simulating Facilitated Diffusion. Did any of the substances travel against their concentration gradient? Explain why or why not. No – In facilitated diffusion, substances can only move down their concentration gradient. Using your results from Chart 2, what was the fastest rate of facilitated diffusion recorded? 0. 0038 . Describe the conditions that were used to achieve this rate. 8mm glucose with 900 glucose carrier proteins. Name two ways to increase the rate of glucose transport. Increase amount of glucose solute and increase number of glucose carrier membrane. Did NaCl affect glucose transport? No Did NaCl require a transport protein for diffusion? Why or why not? No because if its small size it can diffuse without a transport protein. Osmotic Pressure 3. The following refer to Activity 3: Simulating Osmotic Pressure. For NaCl, which MWCO membrane(s) provided for the net movement of water without movement of NaCl? 20 Explain how you determined this. (Hint: Correlate your results to the data in Chart 3. ) Osmotic pressure building up because of non-diffusable NACI in the solute causes water to diffuse its concentration gradient. For glucose, which MWCO membrane(s) provided for the net movement of glucose without net movement of water? 00 Explain how you determined this. No buildup of osmotic pressure shows glucose is able to diffuse down its concentration gradient. Is osmotic pressure generated if solutes diffuse freely? No Explain how the solute concentration affects osmotic pressure. The higher the solute concentration, the higher the osmotic pressure. Filtration 4. The following refer to Activity 4: Simulating Filtration. Usi ng your results in Chart 4, which MWCO membrane had the greatest filtration rate? 200 Explain the relationship between pore size and filtration rate. The larger the pore size – the greater the filteration rate. Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Powdered charcoal What is your prediction of the molecular weight of glucose compared to the other solutes in the solution? Greater weight. What happened when you increased the driving pressure? The filteration rate is increased. Explain why fluid flows from the capillaries of the kidneys into the kidney tubules. Because the pressure in the capillaries is higher than that of the kidney tubules. How do you think a decrease in blood pressure would affect filtration in the kidneys? Lower pressure would result in slower filtration rate. . The following refer to Activity 5: Simulating Active Transport. With 1 mMATP added to the cell interior (left beaker) and the extracellular space (right beaker), was all of the Na_ moved into the extracellular space? Why or why not? No, ATP was depleted in 3min. Describe the effect of decreasing the number of sodium-potassium pumps. Rate of active transport decreases. Describe how y ou were able to show that the movement of sodium was due to active transport. Sodium moved from left beaker to right beaker against its concentration gradient in active transport but not in diffusion.

Professional Sports - NBA Players are Greedy Essay

Professional Sports - NBA Players are Greedy - Essay Example haritable causes or other community-focused tactics to show their support for ethics and social integrity, the root of their motivations is greed and it can be supported with solid evidence. â€Å"NBA players are much in demand by groupies, partiers and wife wannabes† (Bender and Jackson, 2000, p.28). Because there is a high social demand for basketball, these games are televised and broadcast both nationally and internationally in an environment with much spectacle and bright, flashing lights. This type of environment appeals to the social personality type who likes the thrill of ongoing excitement, making the NBA player the obvious object of these complicated emotions. Basically, the thrill of the sports broadcast and the theatrics of the arena provide fanatics with the idea that they should be chasing potential relationships or parties with these players. At the psychological level, greed does not necessarily have to involve financial desire, greed can include the need for the spotlight and to be surrounded by attractive young women. The message, at the social and marketing level, keeps getting reinforced that basketball players deserve celebrity status. NBA p layers begin to believe this and begin defining themselves and their future ambitions by the smoke and mirrors of sports broadcasting and marketing. This sets an initial seed of greed into aspiring basketball players who believe that when exposed as a high-performing player, they will have their own dedicated group of followers, fanatics, and relationship-minded con artists. NBA players are so greedy that they even are willing for forfeit education just to have this money and social spotlight. One professional in higher education offers that an ambition to be an NBA player is â€Å"a recipe for disaster† and â€Å"instead of athletic ability serving as a means to a valuable end (education), the hoop dream has become the goal itself† (Graves, 2004, p.10). Students who believe that they are going to become the

Critically discuss the contribution of positivism to the study of Essay

Critically discuss the contribution of positivism to the study of society - Essay Example This paper would however move forward with narrowing its focus on epistemology, which is concerned about the sources, nature, and limitations of knowledge. Moreover, epistemology also attempts to look at the process of acquiring knowledge, differentiating between reliable and unreliable knowledge, nature of the knowledge and all other factors involved in the process. Epistemologists differ greatly, as they do in all other aspects of philosophy and there are different schools of thought in epistemology as well. Rationalism believes that knowledge comes with reason, thinking, and discovering ideas, knowledge or reality resides in the ideas, and ideas are â€Å"a priori† which come before experience. Empiricism believes that the source of knowledge remains experience and humans only have the access to the ideas of the things and not things. For having the knowledge, we need to use experience. Transcendental idealism is another school of thought, which tries to accommodate both em piricism and rationalism by saying that knowledge is something, which begins with experience and ends at the structural arrangement of knowledge in mind with the use of logic and reasoning. However, there are other schools of thought like intuitionism, authoritarianism, postmodern view and others but we once again narrow down or focus on empiricism since that concerns our rest of the decision. Positivism is one of the most important concepts and developments in the empiricist school of thought, which holds the view that reliable knowledge is only attainable with proper experience and demands verification, very much similar to the scientific way of acquiring knowledge. Famous sociologist and philosopher Auguste Comte deserves all the credit for coming up with a comprehensive framework and layout for this term (Kaines, pp. 16-24, 1880). However, contributions from Hebert Spencer, Emile Durkenheim, and Charles Darwin have also been

Corruption in Judicial Systems Essay Example for Free

Corruption in Judicial Systems Essay Corruption in judicial systems is threatening the protection of human rights, a United Nations independent expert said, urging governments to implement policies to strengthen the rule of law to combat this practice. â€Å"The pervasiveness of corruption in the judiciary and the legal profession, whether one off or endemic, is very worrying because it directly undermines the rule of law and the ability of the judiciary to guarantee the protection of human rights,† the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul, told the General Assembly while presenting it with her latest annual report. â€Å"A judiciary that is not independent can easily be corrupted or co-opted by interests other than those of applying the law in a fair and impartial manner,† she said. â€Å"Strengthening the judiciary from within, as well as providing all the safeguards for its independence vis-à  -vis other public officials and private actors, is essential in combating and preventing instances of judicial corruption.† Ms. Knaul noted that corruption in the judiciary has the potential to victimize those that do not have the means to play by the informal rules set by a corrupt system. â€Å"Corruption in the judiciary discourages people from resorting to the formal justice system, thereby diverting dispute settlements towards informal systems that more than often do not abide by the basic principles of impartiality, fairness, non-discrimination and due process,† she said. Mechanisms of accountability, the Special Rapporteur underlined, should be put in place to investigate acts of corruption and they should be developed with the full participation of the actors concerned. â€Å"I strongly believe that the existing international principles and standards on human rights and corruption provide adequate guidance on how to tackle judicial corruption while respecting the independence of the justice system and human rights,† she said. Ms. Knaul also emphasized that judges, prosecutors and lawyers are in a unique position to tackle the wider phenomenon of corruption in other instances of the public and private sectors, and that â€Å"anti-corruption bodies should be established or developed to effectively assist judicial actors to combat corruption and to implement and strengthen transparency within the public sector.† Independent experts, or special rapporteurs, are appointed by the Geneva-based UN Human Rights Council to examine and report back, in an unpaid capacity, on specific human rights themes.

Damning Guilt in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Damning Guilt in Macbeth    Both main characters in the Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth meet unfortunate ends, with this due in part at least to the huge burden of guilt which they must carry through most of the drama.    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye sees a relationship between Macbeth's guilt and his hallucinations:    The future moment is the moment of guilt, and it imposes on one, until it is reached, the intolerable strain of remaining innocent. [. . .] We notice that anyone who is forced to brood on the past and expect the future lives in a world where that which is not present is present, in other words in a world of hallucination. Macbeth's capacity for seeing things that may or may not be there is almost limitless, and the appearance of the mousetrap play to Claudius, though more easily explained, has the same dramatic point as the appearance of Banquo's ghost. (90)    Fanny Kemble in "Lady Macbeth" asserts that Lady Macbeth was unconscious of her guilt, which nevertheless killed her:    Lady Macbeth, even in her sleep, has no qualms of conscience; her remorse takes none of the tenderer forms akin to repentance, nor the weaker ones allied to fear, from the pursuit of which the tortured soul, seeking where to hide itself, not seldom escapes into the boundless wilderness of madness. A very able article, published some years ago in the National Review, on the character of Lady Macbeth, insists much upon an opinion that she died of remorse, as some palliation of her crimes, and mitigation of our detestation of them. That she died of wickedness would be, I think, a juster verdict. Remorse is consciousness of guilt . . . and that I think Lady Macbeth never had; though the unrecognized pressure of her great guilt killed her. (116-17)    In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth," Sarah Siddons mentions the guilt and ambition of Lady Macbeth and their effect:    [Re "I have given suck" (1.7.54ff.)] Even here, horrific as she is, she shews herself made by ambition, but not by nature, a perfectly savage creature. The very use of such a tender allusion in the midst of her dreadful language, persuades one unequivocally that she has really felt the maternal yearnings of a mother towards her babe, and that she considered this action the most enormous that ever required the strength of human nerves for its perpetration.

Visiting Museums

It’s not a secret that Internet is a great effective source of different information, and if one does not have time or physical opportunity to visit a museum or gallery and enjoy its collections, now it is possible to do this using Internet. A great deal of the world’s museums and art galleries have own Internet sites and present their collections online for everyone to see. Also, such sites usually have a lot of educational information about the artists and their main artworks, different artistic styles and so on. In my opinion, the site of the Metropolitan Museum of Art is the most attractive and interesting from the four sties I was looking through. From its first page designed in warm grey and purple tones, the viewer can see and feel the atmosphere of a museum. The site contains a huge database collection, as well as rich educational resources. Tate Online is another very interesting site. This Internet resource is very easy to navigate and anyone can find a necessary item of its collection without a problem. I would, certainly, go to both of these museums after visiting their web-sites. Two other sites are poorer in their design and have obvious lack of artistic approach to the presentation of the materials. I liked the site of the Museum of Modern Art, because it is well-illustrated and has a clear and plane organization. However, it is a bit overloaded with different information and its visitors can get confused. Finally, I have to say that the site of the museum El Museo Del Barrio is too very simple and colorless, so one may think that it is the site of a library or a governmental institution. To my mind, if the employees of this museum want to attract public attention, they should make a better site. Looking through the Internet databases of the Metropolitan Museum, I was especially impressed by the work of Robert Swain Gifford Near the Coast. This painting mesmerizes with its realistic presentation of a coastline in stormy weather. Gray and very low clouds swinging over the shoreline substantially narrow the perspective of the painting and make the observer feel a little distressed, melancholic and, maybe, even feel cold. On the Internet pages of Tate Museum I found the work of Sir David Wilkie The Blind Fiddler. The author focuses on the emotions of the people who are listening to the playing of the fiddler. It seems like only little children are really impressed and response to the music. However, the adults at the painting are deepened in their own problems or thoughts. This work is a beautiful example of classic art presenting social motifs. Finally, the online collection of the Museum of Modern Art contains a lot of interesting works of modern styles, but I paid attention on a drawing of a French artist Charles Camoin Seated Woman. This drawing was made simply with ink and brush on a paper, but it really impressed me with the exact forms and perfect lines of the woman’s silhouette. Despite the simplicity of this work, it is quite deep and very realistic. Certainly, watching artworks in virtual galleries and in real life are two absolutely different experiences. When observing the artworks in museum, broad daylight gives us the opportunity to enjoy their true deep colors and facture. In museum it is possible to see better the forms and details of cubic content of three-dimensional artworks. Also, one can observe the paintings in close approach and enjoy every line or brush-touch. Besides, sometimes the entourage of the museum advantages the artworks and makes them look more beautiful. I used to be an appreciator of classic style in arts, but after visiting the web-sites of these museums I got interested and impressed with some modern artworks, especially drawings and paintings of modern artists in Tate Museum. That is why I will certainly look for modern art exhibitions and visit them with my friends or family. Works Cited: El Museo. El Museo Del Barrio. 5 Apr. 2008

Factors influencing News editors’ decisions Essay

Factors influencing News editors’ decisions Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   News form an important part in the society because it helps in providing people with information as well as keeping people updated on events and happenings that are taking place across the world. The factors which I think news editors consider in making a decision include: Age of the targeted audiences. The editors have noted that the age group of those who read the Newspapers and those who watch TVs is different in that the older generation prefers written content unlike the younger generation who prefer visuals and audio which is available through television (Halan, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondly, the difference in taste and preference of the audiences also affects the choice of news presentation by the editors. There are people who prefer a combination of the visual and audio (Islam, 2008). Therefore, the use of TV to present some news makes a greater impact than when the newspapers are used. Furthermore, news editors aim at being providers of exclusive news for their audiences. Therefore, to maintain exclusiveness with their news as compared to their competitors, news editors would choice an alternative that would make them exclusive to the audience(Halan, 2009). This will enable them to achieve higher sales in terms of newspapers or high viewing rate if they use the TVs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the other factor that I think may be an influence on the choice of news presentation, whether through a newspaper or television is whether the news is meant for international or the national audience(Islam, 2008). To reach a wider audience internationally or nationally, news editors would prefer a means that is easily accessible to majority of the targeted audience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, in conclusion, it is my view that age, exclusivity, taste and preference of the targeted audience, and national or international interest that the news is aimed at form the factors that influence the decision of the editors. The end result is for them to achieve more sales, higher viewing rates as well as enhanced reputation. References Halan, Y. C. (2009). Communication skills: Effective editing; a practical handbook to develop good editing skills. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. Islam, R. (2008). Information and public choice: From media markets to policy making. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Source document

Welsh v. United States (1970)

Welsh v. United States (1970) Should those seeking conscientious objector status under the draft be limited to only those who make their claims based on their personal religious beliefs and background? If so, this would mean that all those with a secular rather than religious ideology are automatically excluded, regardless of how important their beliefs are. It really makes no sense for the U.S. government to decide that only religious believers can be legitimate pacifists whose convictions should be respected, but thats exactly how the government operated until the militarys policies were challenged. Fast Facts: Welsh v. United States Case Argued: January 20, 1970Decision Issued:Â  June 15, 1970Petitioner: Elliot Ashton Welsh IIRespondent: United StatesKey Question: Could a man claim conscientious objector status even if he had no religious-based grounds?Majority Decision: Justices Black, Douglas, Harlan, Brennan, and MarshallDissenting: Justices Burger, Stewart, and WhiteRuling: The court ruled that claiming conscientious objector status was not dependent on religious beliefs. Background Information Elliott Ashton Welsh II was convicted of refusing to submit to induction into the armed forces - he had requested conscientious objector status but did not base his claim on any religious beliefs. He said that he could neither affirm nor deny the existence of a Supreme Being. Instead, he said his anti-war beliefs were based upon reading in the fields of history and sociology. Basically, Welsh claimed that his had serious moral opposition to conflicts in which people are being killed. He argued that even though he was not a member of any traditional religious group, the depth of sincerity of his belief should qualify him for exemption from military duty under the Universal Military Training and Service Act. This statute, however, allowed only those people whose opposition to the war was based on religious beliefs to be declared conscientious objectors - and that did not technically include Welsh. Court Decision In a 5-3 decision with the majority opinion written by Justice Black, the Supreme Court decided that Welsh could to be declared a conscientious objector even though he declared that his opposition to war was not based on religious convictions. In United States v. Seeger, 380 U.S. 163 (1965), a unanimous Court construed the language of the exemption limiting the status to those who by religious training and belief (that is, those who believed in a Supreme Being), to mean that a person must have some belief which occupies in his life the place or role which the traditional concept of occupies in the orthodox believer. After the Supreme Being clause was deleted, a plurality in Welsh v. United States, construed the religion requirement as inclusive of moral, ethical, or religious grounds. Justice Harlan concurred on constitutional grounds, but disagreed with the specifics of the decision, believing that the statute was clear that Congress had intended to restrict conscientious objection status to those persons who could demonstrate a traditional religious foundation for their beliefs and that this was impermissible under the . In my opinion, the liberties taken with the statute both in Seeger and todays decision cannot be justified in the name of the familiar doctrine of construing federal statutes in a manner that will avoid possible constitutional infirmities in them. There are limits to the permissible application of that doctrine... I therefore find myself unable to escape facing the constitutional issue that this case squarely presents: whether [the statute] in limiting this draft exemption to those opposed to war in general because of theistic beliefs runs afoul of the religious clauses of the First Amendment. For reasons later appearing, I believe it does... Justice Harlan believed that it was quite clear that, as far as the original statute was concerned, an individuals assertion that his views were religious was to be regarded highly while the opposite proclamation was not to be treated as well. Significance This decision expanded the types of beliefs that can be used to get conscientious objector status. The depth and fervency of the beliefs, rather than their status as part of an established religious system, became fundamental to determining which views could exempt an individual from military service. At the same time, though, the Court also effectively expanded the concept of religion well beyond how its typically defined by most people. The average person will tend to limit the nature of religion to some sort of belief system, usually with some sort of supernatural basis. In this case, however, the Court decided that religious...belief could include strong moral or ethical beliefs, even if those beliefs have absolutely no connection to or basis in any sort of traditionally acknowledge religion. This may not have been entirely unreasonable, and it was probably easier than simply overturning the original statute, which is what Justice Harlan seemed to favor, but the long-term consequence is that it fosters misunderstandings and miscommunication.

My Virtue Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

My Virtue Conflict - Essay Example However, all this started to slowly change as we entered middle school and then went on to proceed through junior school and eventually into high school. Although I considered myself to be socially outgoing, I had never perceived myself to be the most popular kid in school. I had a number of friends but these friends were largely classified as nerds. When we hanged out together, we were able to find comfort and solace in our belief that although we were not quite as popular as some of the other kids, we were nevertheless definitely much more smarter than them. Elementary and middle school can be a tough learning ground for most kids and unfortunately, this held true for my case as I somehow managed to attract the unwanted attentions of Johnny, a kid that I still consider as having been one of the most infamous school bullies of our time. It was hard for me to reconcile the virtue ethics that had been methodically drilled into me by my parents and what I saw as Johnny’s seriously twisted virtues. I found myself unable to grasp and understand the possibility of a person going through life while being mean to others. At times after I had had particularly nasty run-ins with Johnny at school, I cry and blame myself for all the bullying I was receiving. I believed that if I was just a little bit taller, more good looking and just a tad more popular, Johnny would respect me and would not pick on me constantly. Gradually, I started changing and dropped some of the virtue ethics that had been instilled in me since I was young. In my immature and childlike reasoning, I supposed that if I dressed differently, behaved a little tougher and started picking on kids smaller than myself, I would earn the respect that I believed was due to me.  Ã‚  

Industry briefing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Industry briefing paper - Essay Example This section of the essay will look at the factors that affect the soft drink industry and how Fresh Fruit Soda, the product under review, can be presented onto the market as a low sugar and natural fruit alternative to other soft drinks on the market. The soft drink industry has been viewed as one with major health issues and matters. This is because most of the drinks are said to contain sugar that is bad for the health and bad for the teeth of people who consume them. There is an acidic nature of soft drinks and this leads to the erosion of the enamels of the teeth (Hooper et al, 2007). Thus, consumption of soft drinks without brushing of ones teeth afterwards has major health implications and it leads to the discolouration of the teeth and supports other health problems and issues (Hooper et al, 2007). Therefore soft drinks have major dental consequences and there is the need for some kind of controls to ensure that consumers are protected from negativities and other tooth decay problems that comes with such products. Aspartame is used as a substitute to sugar in most â€Å"natural† soft drinks. However, this has proven to be problematic because although aspartame is seen as a healthier substitute for sugar, research has proven otherwise. Laming identifies that aspartame is viewed as a positive substitution for sugar, but they also have their health implications (2006). Due to that, soft drinks with aspartame must disclose the implications of using those products in drink and not tell consumers that they are much better and harmless. In fact such products have their own issues hence consumers must be given the appropriate education rather than the states use of strict rules and regulations. Therefore it can be said that the soft drink industry, although it is a lucrative venture, is hampered by major health and safety concerns about consumers. Aside that, these products are popular amongst consumers and